The Rise of Citizenship by Merit (CBM) Programs

What is CBM?

Citizenship by merit (CBM) is granted to individuals whose talents and accomplishments are considered to be of national interest to the country offering citizenship. Each country applies its own rules for defining “exceptional” citizenship for achievements.

Exceptional and highly recognized individuals around the world from business, research, sports, the arts, research and innovation, often face visa restrictions tied to their citizenship, restricts free movement and access to global opportunities. CBMs recognize and reward individuals whose achievements contribute meaningfully to society, culture, or the economy and provide them with the flexibility and freedom required to maintain and expand their international careers.

For global investors, entrepreneurs, academics, and skilled professionals alike, citizenship by special merit is a key tool — enabling long-term planning with seamless access to the world’s most dynamic opportunities and institutions.

Key Benefits

• Applicants evaluated based on extraordinary achievements and outstanding contributions
• Application accepted based on nomination or invitation only
• No minimum investment – No investments, property purchases, or government bonds required
• Exceptional citizenship Offers high prestige and respected awarded selectively based on merit
• Enhanced global mobility and international career opportunities covering all family members.
• Full access to healthcare, education and job opportunities abroad.
• Citizenship is fast tracked – Minister can waive naturalization conditions (eg. residency period, language, cultural exams, military service, business experience etc..)

Merit-Based Naturalization

Citizenship by merit may be broadly defined as a discretionary route to naturalization whereby designated government officials evaluate applicants according to a multi-dimensional profile that encompasses international reputation, professional accomplishments, and demonstrable societal impact. Residence and language requirements are typically waived. Qualifying criteria may include significant contributions to national development goals, outstanding entrepreneurial success, pioneering advances in science, or distinguished achievements in the cultural or athletic spheres.

Citizenship is Earned

While financial contributions can form part of an applicant’s profile, they are not the sole or decisive factor. In essence, citizenship by merit is earned rather than purchased, enabling countries to attract individuals whose skills, networks, and vision can meaningfully advance national priorities.

Should not be confused with CBI

Unlike citizenship by investment, citizenship by merit avoids the commodification of nationality. It reflects a values-driven approach, awarding citizenship in recognition of extraordinary achievements, philanthropic contributions, and the potential to advance the public interest. Merit-based citizenship represents a sovereign distinction, conferred upon individuals whose accomplishments and reputations demonstrate exceptional merit

Strategic Benefits

citizenship by merit offers several strategic benefits. It can address pressing needs such as financing critical infrastructure, counteracting brain drain, stimulating innovation, and strengthening a country’s international profile. Merit-based pathways provide an effective means of attracting high- and ultra-high-net-worth individuals and others capable of delivering transformative value to the host country.

Tailored for Applicants: Case-by-Case Evaluation

Citizenship by merit applications are typically highly individualized, requiring tailored submissions that clearly link the applicant’s track record and unique offerings to the prospective benefits for the host country. Only a small number of approvals granted annually.

For exceptional individuals and their advisors, the rise of citizenship by merit requires a strategic recalibration. Financial capacity alone is no longer the principal gateway to citizenship. Instead, applicants must demonstrate their extraordinary worth in ways that resonate with the host nation’s priorities — whether through philanthropic initiatives, entrepreneurial achievements, or contributions to scientific research.

Governments

Citizenship by merit also enables governments to align naturalization with strategic objectives. A country that prioritizes green technology, for instance, could grant citizenship to innovators in renewable energy or to philanthropists funding sustainability initiatives. Similarly, a country that aims to enhance its cultural diplomacy could extend nationality to internationally renowned artists. Regimes that grant citizenship by merit allow for a holistic assessment of each applicant, weighing potential contributions against the nation’s long-term interests.

Government can highly benefit with

• Attract people with specialized talents, people with distinction who can represent the country (eg. sport persons,
• Promote innovation and development through science, research, and entrepreneurship
• Strengthen international credibility by associating with respected figures in culture, academia, and business
• Encourage economic growth through the achievements and investments of influential professionals
• Foster cultural and diplomatic ties by engaging global talent and expertise
• Honour excellence as a way to reward those whose work brings lasting value to society

• Business Promotion – Invest, or operate freely within the host country’s economy
• Social Integration – right to live, study, and work permanently,

Who Can Apply

Authorities assess each case based on the individual’s contribution, international recognition, and alignment with national interests.

1 Academics and Scientists: Researchers, inventors, or scholars whose discoveries or publications advance knowledge or innovation at a national or global level.

2. Investors / Entrepreneurs – Business founders, executives, or professionals who generate employment, drive growth, or introduce impactful solutions in their industry.

3. Artists – Artists, filmmakers, writers, athletes, and cultural figures who raise the country’s international profile through their work.

4. Activists and Social Workers – Individuals recognised for public service, humanitarian work, or community initiatives that align with national priorities or social development goals.

List of Countries with CBMs

• Austria
• Malta
• Albania
• Slovenia
• Slovakia
• Romania
• North Macedonia
• Greece
• Latvia
• Italy
• France
• Hungary
• Croatia
• Bulgaria
• Argentina
• Serbia
• United Arab Emirates
• New Zealand
• Saudi Arabia
• Qatar

To attract skill and innovation, governments are expected to introduce merit-based citizenship pathways to honorable persons.

FAQ

Is CBM a honorary citizenship

CBMs should not be confused with Honorary citizenship is which is often symbolic and may not include full legal rights, whereas citizenship by merit usually grants full nationality status, including a passport and all accompanying rights.

What the the key conditions to apply

Applicants must demonstrate integrity, a clean legal record, and a professional reputation consistent with the standards of the granting country.

How much time to receive citizenship?

Processing times can vary depending on country from 3 months to 2 years.

How can i apply

Each country has its own rules. Applications are accepted by invitation only at sole discretion of the Ministry. Please contact us for specific information.

Can i include my family?

Yes, spouse and children are permitted.

Source: Henley and other sources.

Comparing countries? Read our Top Citizenship By Investment Programs 2026 guide – every program ranked by price, visa waiver access and processing time.